什么是弗兰克-赫兹实验？
发布日期：2023年07月16日 分类：物理学
弗兰克-赫兹实验是一项经典的实验，通过它科学家们首次观察到了原子的能级结构。这个实验是由德国物理学家弗兰克和赫兹在1914年进行的。
实验中，他们使用了一个玻璃管，里面充满了气体（通常是氖气）。管的两端接有电源，使得气体中的原子可以被加热到高温，产生电离。
然后，弗兰克和赫兹测量了通过管中的电子流所产生的电流强度。他们发现，当电压较低时，电流强度随电压呈线性增加。
但是，当电压达到某个特定值时，电流突然减小了很多。这个现象被解释为电子在经过气体原子时发生了能量损失。
随后，弗兰克和赫兹增加了电压，观察到该减小的电流又恢复到原来的值，并再次减小。这说明电子只有在具备特定能量的状态下才能穿过原子。这些特定能量的状态就是原子的能级。
通过反复增加电压，弗兰克和赫兹还观察到了更多次的电流减小，每次减小都对应着电子在不同的能级上发生了能量损失。
这个实验的重要性在于首次验证了能级理论，并揭示了原子内部的能级结构。这完全改变了我们对原子的认识，对量子物理的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
实验中，他们使用了一个玻璃管，里面充满了气体（通常是氖气）。管的两端接有电源，使得气体中的原子可以被加热到高温，产生电离。
然后，弗兰克和赫兹测量了通过管中的电子流所产生的电流强度。他们发现，当电压较低时，电流强度随电压呈线性增加。
但是，当电压达到某个特定值时，电流突然减小了很多。这个现象被解释为电子在经过气体原子时发生了能量损失。
随后，弗兰克和赫兹增加了电压，观察到该减小的电流又恢复到原来的值，并再次减小。这说明电子只有在具备特定能量的状态下才能穿过原子。这些特定能量的状态就是原子的能级。
通过反复增加电压，弗兰克和赫兹还观察到了更多次的电流减小，每次减小都对应着电子在不同的能级上发生了能量损失。
这个实验的重要性在于首次验证了能级理论，并揭示了原子内部的能级结构。这完全改变了我们对原子的认识，对量子物理的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
What is the Franck-Hertz experiment?
The Franck-Hertz experiment is a classic experiment in which scientists observed the energy level structure of atoms for the first time. This experiment was conducted by German physicists Franck and Hertz in 1914.
In the experiment, they used a glass tube filled with gas (usually neon). The tube was connected to a power source at both ends, allowing the atoms in the gas to be heated to high temperatures and ionized.
Then, Franck and Hertz measured the current intensity produced by the electron flow through the tube. They found that when the voltage was low, the current intensity increased linearly with the voltage.
However, when the voltage reached a certain specific value, the current suddenly decreased significantly. This phenomenon was explained as the loss of energy by the electrons when passing through the gas atoms.
Subsequently, Franck and Hertz increased the voltage and observed that the decreased current returned to its original value and decreased again. This indicated that electrons could only pass through the atoms when they were in a specific energy state. These specific energy states are the energy levels of the atoms.
By repeatedly increasing the voltage, Franck and Hertz also observed multiple instances of current decrease, with each decrease corresponding to energy loss by the electrons at different energy levels.
The importance of this experiment lies in its first verification of the energy level theory and the revelation of the internal energy level structure of atoms. This completely changed our understanding of atoms and played a significant role in the development of quantum physics.
In the experiment, they used a glass tube filled with gas (usually neon). The tube was connected to a power source at both ends, allowing the atoms in the gas to be heated to high temperatures and ionized.
Then, Franck and Hertz measured the current intensity produced by the electron flow through the tube. They found that when the voltage was low, the current intensity increased linearly with the voltage.
However, when the voltage reached a certain specific value, the current suddenly decreased significantly. This phenomenon was explained as the loss of energy by the electrons when passing through the gas atoms.
Subsequently, Franck and Hertz increased the voltage and observed that the decreased current returned to its original value and decreased again. This indicated that electrons could only pass through the atoms when they were in a specific energy state. These specific energy states are the energy levels of the atoms.
By repeatedly increasing the voltage, Franck and Hertz also observed multiple instances of current decrease, with each decrease corresponding to energy loss by the electrons at different energy levels.
The importance of this experiment lies in its first verification of the energy level theory and the revelation of the internal energy level structure of atoms. This completely changed our understanding of atoms and played a significant role in the development of quantum physics.